What is the Price for Keeping the American Public Safe from Diet Supple

What is the Price for Keeping the American Public Safe from Diet Supplements? Being overweight and being in sports is a hard part of the game to survive. A large number of the competitors in various games experience intense preparing and molding. A few competitors are feeling the squeeze to make a specific load so as to remain in the group. In the event that the players are overweight they may be fined or even sidelined for the specific occasions. The entirety of the games that are out there have a great deal of rivalry for remaining on groups. There are the competitors that battle every week to keep their activity from more youthful more grounded players coming in. So it is an issue of were they go to get an additional edge over the other player. More often than not it is with diet enhancements or execution enhancers. Congress should be progressively moral in giving enough exploration and financing towards dietary enhancements research in light of the fact that the expense is more noteworthy than loosing a couple of pounds or getter a superior edge in the gam e. It comes down to having the option to keep the American open safe and shield competitors from dieing. Despite the fact that the whole dietary enhancement industry is a major partnership the organizations can not be simply out there to bring in cash, when it can hurt individuals. From being a competitor myself I am profoundly worried about the issue of all the muscle enhancers and what is being done in congress and the FDA. The whole eating regimen supplement industry is worth $20 billion dollars. The majority of the items that are out available will be accessible do have benefits towards various highlights of execution. There are grievances being yielded to the congress that the medication organizations are being placed in hold for dispersing their item in the market. On the off chance that an organization comes out with another item that could spare li... ...and afterward leaving the individual inclination got dried out and frail. From taking a gander at all of the impacts of the entirety of the eating routine pills and muscle enhancers obviously the congress needs to help the FDA more so as to keep the American open safe. Counterarguments may represent that the business alone makes more than the FDA financial plan joined so it isn't justified, despite any potential benefits. The greater part of the organizations guarantee that their item is useful to the necessities that the majority of the competitors need. It is something beyond giving an individual an additional edge or making them free weight. The impacts of these pills and powders are not worth the hazard. Regardless of whether an item says it is home grown and every single common doe not give it the option to not experience the privilege logical testing. It depends on these reasons and being a competitor myself I need there to be more security on the entirety of the eating routine enhancements and muscle enhancers.

International business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global business condition - Essay Example As organizations venture into greener fields the world over relying upon the specialization, aptitude or even business openings accessible to them, nearby societies, neighborhood governmental issues and the economies of host nations can become issues which must be managed. This implies there are new issues which must be tended to by directors who would now be able to be approached to make extensive strategies just as district based arrangements which influence the individuals working in London as much as they influence representatives working in different pieces of the globe. This issue is really at the core of the globalization of business and the arrangement requests the creation new world request for business where we move towards a mix of societies that speak to us as people. A far reaching strategy manual can be utilized as a record which sets up the way of life of the organization even as a separated air pocket in a spot where the outside culture is very surprising. Be that as it may, this must be done cautiously on the grounds that this could likewise be risky as going with strategies which are against neighborhood societies can make sharpness and even lost the company’s human capital. GE was one such organization which encountered these issues when they arrangement their tasks across Eastern Europe and attempted to patch up their business in Ukraine, Hungary and Albania. As detailed by Welch (2005) GE confronted a few challenges in political, social and monetary terms which made it hard to send out their American image of seriousness to Eastern Europe (Welch, 2005). GE is the parent organization of eleven innovation, administrations and money organizations with in excess of 300,000 workers spread across 160 nations. Despite the fact that the organization is enormous, their qualities and activities, enlistment process and even the techniques for compensating representatives stay pretty much the equivalent no matter how you look at it. GE manages PCs, fly motors, power plants, capital administrations, plastics, brightening gear,

Shelby, Joseph Orville

Shelby, Joseph Orville Shelby, Joseph Orville, 1830â€"97, Confederate cavalry commander in the American Civil War, b. Lexington, Ky. He made a considerable fortune in rope manufacturing in Kentucky and Missouri. While in Missouri he participated in the Kansas-Missouri border war on the proslavery side. When the Civil War broke out he organized a cavalry brigade in Missouri. He participated in numerous raids in the Southwest, was wounded at Helena, Ark. (July, 1863), but joined Sterling Price in his invasion of Missouri in 1864. Shelby and his men had sworn never to surrender; after Appomattox his forces crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico and offered their services to the French puppet ruler, Emperor Maximilian. Shelby ultimately returned to the United States. From 1893 to 1897 he served as U.S. marshal for the Western District of Missouri. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Bio graphies

The Evolution Of Human Origins - 1179 Words

Initial ideas of human origins are reflected in the ancient mythologies. Later on, religious versions of human origins appeared. One of the most popular religious theory is creationism. According to it God had created men and everything else in the world. There are two types of creationism, young earth creationism and old earth creationism . Ancient philosophy first proposed ideas of the natural origins of men. Most of its ideas were speculative. It was the product of the ancient philosophers` imagination, but not a result of researching of objective data. Next Charles Darwin offered the Theory of Evolution. Until now this theory is the one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science, supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology, genetics and developmental biology. His theory explains how unguided, natural mechanism could structure all the processes in the world, while operating in accordance to the laws of natu re . Despite the wealth of evidence from the fossil record, genetics and other fields of science, some people denounce the theory, invoking a higher being as a designer to explain the complex world of living things, especially humans. School boards debate whether the theory of evolution should be taught alongside other ideas, such as creationism. Mainstream scientists see no controversy. Today a lot of people have deep religious beliefs and also accept evolution . There is also a theory ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Origins : The Cusp Of Evolution Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesSummer Musser Human Origins F15 The Cusp of Evolution The past works in mysterious way allowing small pieces to leak through to the surface that will one day reveal the answers to the most prominent questions. Ian Tattersall made the claim that in 2012 â€Å"†¦there is nothing in the fossil record that we can regard as a convincing intermediate between any australopith or â€Å"early Homo† and the Turkana Boy (Tattersall, 2012, p.94).† In his argument it was difficult to find the missing link that pulled theRead MoreThe Origin of Language in Human Evolution Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagescommunication, suggesting that only humans with complex brain system were capable of developing (Ulbaek, 1998). Whereas other animal species communicate through vocalised sounds, songs, or gestures specially primates such as apes. Similarly gestures and hand gestures were the form of communication used by early hominids, but Homo habilis and Homo erectus started to use vocalisations and decreasing the frequent use of simple hand gest ures for communication. Humans developed a spoken linguistic systemRead More Nietsche and Evolution Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesNietsche and Evolution It is the image of the ungraspable phantom of life; and this is the key to it all. -Melville In 1859 Charles Darwin offered a theory that seemed to disprove the longstanding explanation of the Origin of existence. Darwins theory of evolution proposes a convincing argument that the universe was not created for a purpose, with intention, by a conscious God, but rather, was a phenomenon of random change. Fredrick Nietzsche articulated the gravity of the effect ofRead MoreAnthropology and Its Branches1728 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropology is the study of human beings, in particular the study of their physical character, evolutionary history, racial classification, historical and present-day geographic distribution, group relationships, and cultural history. Anthropology can be characterized as the naturalistic description and interpretation of the diverse peoples of the world. Modern-day anthropology consists of two major divisions: cultural anthropology, which deals with the study of human culture in all its aspects;Read MoreHow Charles Darwin Changed the World Forever1409 Words   |  6 PagesThere is one man in history who changed everything from the way we see everyday events in the world, and that man is Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin was a scientist who discovered the origin of life through a study on the Galapagos Islands. Before Darwin’s discovery, the world was looked upon as God’s playground where everything happened because of him. For example, if something bad happened to someone’s family like a disease it would be because they have angered God. Darwin lived during the dawnRead MoreOn The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin915 Words   |  4 PagesHuman evolution has been of interest to people for quite some time. Even though in the publication of On The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1859 human evolution was not specifically mentioned, only that light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history, Darwin did argue for the evolution of new species from older ones (1). Since then, interest in evolution, and especially human evolution, has been growing. An example of one of the first debates about human evolution is the debateRead MoreHuman Evolution: How Humans Have Evolved800 Words   |  4 PagesHuman species or in scientific terms know as, Homo Sapiens has evolved drastically in the last couple of billion years. Human evolution all started from our great ancestors, the chimpanzees. Human evolution started all in the continent of Africa. Due to global changes, evolution changed over time. Thus leading to the evolution of mankind. But man didnt just evolve from chimpanzees. There were a lot of scientific processes and different events that led up to final evolution of mankind. But what doesRead MoreThe Evolution of Evolution1188 Words   |  5 Pagescreation of humanity have rapidly changed since the discovery of evolution. Nevertheless, there was a time before the world did not know the theory of evolution and the theories demonstrated by Sir Charles Darwin. Before the evolution, there were people who were subjected to religious ideologies of how mankind was created, they believed that the upper class was known to be â€Å"divine creatures†. However, the introduction of evolution leads the theory to be the base of biology and changes the minds ofRead More Human Evolution Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Evolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people take a look at African history in general many topics and ideas come to mind. How the people of Africa lived, how they developed civilizations and cultures, and how their oral traditions came about are just a few examples. When I am trying to learn about different groups of people and different areas of the world I most likely start at the very beginning of their existence. Africa being the origin of man and the home for the majority of developments of early humansRead MoreIntelligent Design: A Bona Fide Theory Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesstate, and ID should not be taught due to the significant amount of evidence supporting the theory of evolution. Those for ID being taught in public schools argue that intelligent design is a scientific theory employing the methods commonly used by other historical sciences to conclude certain feature of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause that evolution cannot explain. Int elligent design does not discuss specifically who or what designed the universe, simple

How A Network Is The Ways Of Knowing - 1296 Words

â€Å"In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.† By looking at the arts and history, we can see that to gain knowledge is necessary to use a network of ways of knowing but depending on the area they are applied differently. The art has all of the ways of knowing present but depending on the situation some of them can be applied more than others. The same happens with history, the ways of knowing are all present but they are applied differently depending on the circumstance. But, what is a network? A network is â€Å"group of interconnected things†. And in this case the network is the ways of knowing. The ways of knowing are each connected to each other, similar to a web, because one has an influence on the other and so on. We are going to be looking at how the arts and history have all of the ways of knowing interconnected to allow the gain of knowledge, but occasionally ones can be more predominant than others depending on the are as of knowledge. In my opinion each way of knowing is present in each area of knowledge, but frequently there is one or more that tend to influence more. In the arts, imagination, emotion, language, memory, intuition, sense perception, reason and faith are liked together to assist with the gain knowledge. Depending of what sort art is been done, the ways of knowing can change. For instance graphic design or digital arts, like I mention before, have each of the ways of knowing present but the ones that are moreShow MoreRelatedKnowledge And Knowledge Of Knowledge1241 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolves networks of ways of knowing which are often linked together in order to produce knowledge. However, the gaining of knowledge can be centered on academic knowledge production for example, gaining knowledge while working on an academic research otherwise through a process of discovery where knowledge suddenly comes into people. In addition to this, a network can be defined as connections betwe en entities to create an integrated whole. Therefore the entities, being the ways of knowing, resultRead MoreKnowledge Is The Trunk Of A Tall Susquehanna Tree1563 Words   |  7 Pagesroots extending below the tall Susquehanna Tree. Knowledge is the main stronghold to an infinite amount of ideas, thoughts, and theories. Knowledge is the main stronghold to the network of ways of knowing, just like how the trunk of a tall Susquehanna Tree is the main stronghold to the network of branches and to the network of roots that extends from the trunk of the tree. Without the trunk of the tall Susquehanna Tree, the existence of the long beautiful branches will be eliminated, along with theRead MoreThe Knowledge Of Natural Sciences And History1592 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, of perception in math or how reason could fit into art. A network suggests that more than one way of knowing can collaborate within another in order to gain knowledge in a particular Area of knowing. The statement impl ies that not using a network of WOK to gain knowledge is unwise. Thus, I wish to examine how we best acquire knowledge in Natural Sciences and History. My two central knowledge questions are, how reliable is it to use only one way of knowing in one Area of knowledge in orderRead MoreKnowledge Is The Trunk Of A Tall Susquehanna Tree1593 Words   |  7 Pagesroots extending below the tall Susquehanna Tree. Knowledge is the main stronghold to an infinite amount of ideas, thoughts, and theories. Knowledge is the main stronghold to the network of ways of knowing, just like how the trunk of a tall Susquehanna Tree is the main stronghold to the network of branches and to the network of roots that extends from the trunk of the tree. Without the trunk of the tall Susquehanna Tree, the existence of the long beautiful branches will be eliminated, along with theRead MoreWhy Is Knowledge Important Than Knowledge? Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.† Discuss this Statement with reference to two areas of knowledge. â€Å"I believe in intuition and inspiration. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Forknowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientific research.† - Albert Einstein The above lines were quoted by Albert Einstein which states the importance of ways of knowing in gainingRead MoreImportance Of Data Storage Network Security835 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Data Storage Network Security There would be no need for securing data storage network if you can save your information on the network without anyone altering the content. However, it is almost impossible for you to save your information in an unsecured data storage network and retrieve it just the way you saved it. In today’s world where hackers are rampant everywhere, the need to secure data storage network becomes a major concern for security experts. Over the years, our team ofRead More System Administration and Me Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesthe difference between a NIC (Network Interface Card) and a modem, and firewalls. There are many more pieces of hardware that make up a computer network. Also, knowing how to troubleshoot, replace, or even fix hardware will come in quite handy. Once you have a good grasp on hardware, then you should look into software. The main software of a network is the OS (Operating System) that the network is based on. Some of the main operating systems that run networks are Windows NT, Unix, and LinuxRead MoreIt Help Desk Support?1445 Words   |  6 Pagessupport. Whether it be a Network Administrator, Server Administrator, or just the ole fashion IT Help Desk. We need to rely on these people for help with our many computer issues. However, what does it take to take on these very important positions that keep our computers up and running? You must have the three KSA’s, the knowledge, skills, and abilities. Network Administrator Knowledge: To be a network administrator you need to have a vast knowledge of how the actual network runs. With the networkingRead MoreComputer Networks And Its Impact On The Organization s Business Strategy1230 Words   |  5 PagesComputer networks allow for employees within an organization to share files and exchange ideas more efficiently. Also, computer networks make it easier to back up all the company’s data on an offsite server. Computer networking supports business operations and contributes immensely to globalization. Therefore, organizations invest heavily in computer networks ensuring they work efficiently. This paper discusses ten points to consider when evaluating a computer network. These evaluation points exploreRead MoreThe Business Goals For Voice Over Ip System1674 Words   |  7 Pages(2011)) Step 2: Understand how voice-over-IP works. Understanding how voice-over-IP (VoIP) will help the process in implementation and improvements in communications internally and also with any new potential vendors. (XO Communications, LLC (2011)) Step 3: Do a network assessment. Knowing if the network can support VoIP traffic is an important evaluation to do. In the evaluation, check the voice quality, the support of many functions for running VoIP and knowing if specific components will

Importance Of High School Sports Free Essays

?Many people do not realize the importance of high school sports; let me tell a story. There were two completely different kids that went to the same high school. One of them participated in high school sports from Fall to Spring. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of High School Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now This kid kept up with his grades and kept busy with sports and homework. The other kid did not participate in any kind of school sports. The kid who didn’t play any sports went home after school every day, so instead of playing sports or doing homework in the free time available, he had to find something else to keep busy. Having all this free time led trouble. There is no need to go into more depth in the story; the point is that people do not realize that high school sports are a crucial part of being a good student and becoming a successful adult. â€Å"The evidence supporting sports participation for young people is overwhelming†¦ It has the power to combat everything from racism to low self-image, to the high-school drop-out rate† (Castle). One of the many benefits of playing high school athletics is that the Student has to sign a code of conduct that will keep the student athlete responsible for his or her actions. â€Å"1) Use or possession of tobacco products. 2) Being present more than 5 minutes at a function where alcohol and/or drugs are being consumed/used or have been consumed or used. 3) Use or possession of intoxicating beverages and illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia. 4) Committing unlawful acts that have or could have resulted in a misdemeanor or higher penalty. 5) Serious and/or repeated violation of school rules. 6) Serious and/or repeated unsportsmanlike conduct. † This is a list of the rules that must be strictly followed in order to participate in a sports team at Nooksack Valley High School. If any of these rules are broken during season the athlete is penalized by being ineligible to play for 60% of the season. If the code is violated during the off-season, the penalty is disqualification for 40% of the season. Athletes that take their sport seriously, and hope to move on to a collegiate level know that missing 40% to 60% percent of a season will hurt their chances of being scouted substantially. The risk taken by breaking the athletic code is not worth losing a chance of a scholarship to continue playing a sport a student loves at a competitive level. The Sumner School District has a great way of explaining the code of conduct to the community. â€Å"This activities code is designed to establish a reasonable, high standard for participants in co-curricular activities that empower our participants to make appropriate decisions, rather than to be punitive and deny access to such activities. Co-curricular activities are a privilege and completely voluntary. Along with this privilege comes the expectation of a higher standard of behavior and conduct. Participants in these activities are considered to be in positions of leadership representing themselves, their families, the team, school, district and community† (Sumner Athletics). This brief blurb from the Sumner Athletics Code of Conduct represents the higher standard athletes, actors, singers, dancers, and all participants of extracurricular activities are held to. Being involved in sports does not only reflect the athlete, but is a representation of the entire student body and staff members. The responsibility of athletes to uphold this good reputation is one of the main reasons student athletes are proven to perform better in school, and stay out of trouble. Being a student athlete in high school does not only keep the student responsible, it also provides physical activity for students who have been sitting in the classroom all day. Not only does physical activity contribute to a healthy body weight and prevention of heart disease and type 2 diabetes, but also shows astounding benefits in academic performance and lowering depression. Penny McCullagh, a psychologist, found in her research that exercise has the ability to work like an anti-depressant. McCullagh states, â€Å"The most common treatments for depression, for example, are psychotherapy or medication. Psychologists have found that exercise is a third successful alternative† (McCullagh). The article states the best results to help depression comes when a combination of exercise and psychotherapy happens together. The physical exercise from sports also helps brain function. â€Å"According to a study done by the Department of Exercise Science at the University of Georgia, even briefly exercising for 20 minutes facilitates information processing and memory functions† (Physical Exercise for Brain Health). Just the exercise alone from sports is already helping with depression, brain functions, or just staying fit and in shape. There are many studies with evidence to support the benefit exercise has in the classroom. â€Å"Researchers at Saginaw Valley State University in Michigan tracked the grades and exercise habits of 266 undergraduates. It was found that students who regularly participate in vigorous physical activity had higher G. P. A. ’s† (Parker-Pope). Regular exercise has a tremendous effect on the brain, especially in the high school years when it is still developing. Along with these benefits, being part of a sports team influences attitudes on and off the court or field. Student athletes are proven to have a stronger sense of leadership, motivation, and work ethic than their peers who do not participate in after school activities. Belonging to a team or club creates a drive in students to succeed in all aspects of life. Many Americans today are suffering from being obese or overweight. According to the American Heart Association, â€Å"23. 9 million children ages 2 to 19 are overweight or obese; 33. 0% of boys and 30. 4% of girls† (Overweight Obesity – 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet). That means almost two thirds of all the Americans are at an unhealthy weight. According to Centers for Disease Control, obesity brings in $147 billion in healthcare costs per year. There are many different causes for obesity such as stress, inactivity, and depression. There is one simple solution to decrease the amount of obese adults and children in America. Playing sports helps with all three of the problems. Habits are formed at a young age, so if sports are a part of a lifestyle as a young child, they will most likely be a part of their future. When some people think about exercise, they instantly think boring, tedious, painful workouts in an over packed gym. What most people don’t know is that exercise can be fun! All it takes is the motivation to get off the couch. Exercising with others increases the chance that you will stick with it. Sports teams are the ultimate example of this. When a support system is built in, with the drive to not let your teammates down, the motivation to be physically fit comes naturally. People argue that playing sports leaves no time for homework. However, there is a system at Nooksack Valley High School called study table. Study table is an hour long class where any missing homework can be complete before school. This system was made to give extra help to kids that are failing classes while playing sports. Nooksack Valley’s athletic director, Tom Harmon, checks the grades of each student athlete every Sunday. If any students are failing a class a study table is assigned each morning for the entire week. If the student is failing more than one class then they are not allowed to participate in any games or tournaments held that week. The phrase â€Å"student before athlete† is commonly used among coaches and staff members. Being a successful student is far more important than making touchdowns or scoring goals. Student first, athlete second is the only way to ensure students are prepared for higher education or entering the work force after graduation. Some people may argue that high school sports need to be cut due to lack of funding. Personally, I think without the opportunity to participate in sports students will lack the development of very important life skills. From experience, players can say that being a member of a high school sports team has taught them how to work hard for what they want, how to step up and be a leader, and how to communicate with others and be a team player. These skills and personality traits are all things that future employers are looking for when making hiring decisions. Managers know that people who have grown up being involved in sports teams and clubs are trained to work well with others, and have a strong work ethic. Marty Brounstein lists ten qualities of an effective team player as the ability to demonstrate reliability, communicate constructively, listen actively, function as an active participant, share openly and willingly, exhibit flexibility, show commitment, work as a problem solver, and, finally, treat others with respect and support. â€Å"Team players with commitment look beyond their own piece of the work and care about the team’s overall work. In the end, their commitment is about winning — not in the sports sense of beating your opponent but about seeing the team succeed and knowing they have contributed to this success. Winning as a team is one of the great motivators of employee performance. Good team players have and show this motivation† (Brounstein). In conclusion, being actively involved in high school sports shows success on and off the court or field as well as in future career choices. Participation in sports teams is not only beneficial while in high school but in all stages of life. Skills learned from coaches and teammates can be applied in meeting new friends in college, at job interviews, and in many other instances. â€Å"We have data indicating sports and other extracurricular activities do better than academic classes in teaching leadership, teamwork, time management and other skills crucial for success in the workplace† (Mathews). While some may say that high school athletics need to be cut because the money spent on them could be put to better use, the evidence of many studies proves this statement to be false. Without the opportunity to be a part of a team or club, students lose out on a great learning experience that acts as a foundation for the rest of their lives. The ability to manage being a successful student as well as a good athlete takes a special skill that is developed during the high school years. There needs to be a balance between academic and athletic commitment. A student’s high school career cannot only be based on one or the other. It needs a combination of the two in order for the student to reach full potential. Michael Jordan is one of the most inspiring athletes to kids around the world. He often stems his success back to his experiences with high school sports. I believe it is stories like his that demonstrate the importance of being involved in sports teams, and the life lessons that are learned throughout the experience. A famous quote from Jordan states, â€Å"I’ve missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. † How to cite Importance Of High School Sports, Papers Importance of High School Sports Free Essays Many people do not realize the importance of high school sports; let me tell a story. There were two completely different kids that went to the same high school. One of them participated in high school sports from Fall to Spring. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of High School Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now This kid kept up with his grades and kept busy with sports and homework. The other kid did not participate in any kind of school sports. The kid who didn’t play any sports went home after school every day, so instead of playing sports or doing homework in the free time available, he had to find something else to keep busy. Having all this free time led trouble. There is no need to go into more depth in the story; the point is that people do not realize that high school sports are a crucial part of being a good student and becoming a successful adult. â€Å"The evidence supporting sports participation for young people is overwhelming†¦ It has the power to combat everything from racism to low self-image, to the high-school drop-out rate† (Castle). One of the many benefits of playing high school athletics is that the Student has to sign a code of conduct that will keep the student athlete responsible for his or her actions.â€Å"1) Use or possession of tobacco products. 2) Being present more than 5 minutes at a function where alcohol and/or drugs are being consumed/used or have been consumed or used. 3) Use or possession of intoxicating beverages and illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia. 4) Committing unlawful acts that have or could have resulted in a misdemeanor or higher penalty. 5) Serious and/or repeated violation of school rules. 6) Serious and/or repeated unsportsmanlike conduct. † This is a list of the rules that must be strictly followed in order to participate in a sports team at Nooksack Valley High School. If any of these rules are broken during season the athlete is penalized by being ineligible to play for 60% of the season. If the code is violated during the off-season, the penalty is disqualification for 40% of the season. Athletes that take their sport seriously, and hope to move on to a collegiate level know that missing 40% to 60% percent of a season will hurt their chances of being scouted substantially. The risk taken by breaking the athletic code is not worth losing a chance of a scholarship to continue playing a sport a student loves at a competitive level. The Sumner School District has a great way of explaining the code of conduct to the community. â€Å"This activities code is designed to establish a reasonable, high standard for participants in co-curricular activities that empower our participants to make appropriate decisions, rather than to be punitive and deny access to such activities. Co-curricular activities are a privilege and completely voluntary. Along with this privilege comes the expectation of a higher standard of behavior and conduct. Participants in these activities are considered to be in positions of leadership representing themselves, their families, the team, school, district and community† (Sumner Athletics). This brief blurb from the Sumner Athletics Code of Conduct represents the higher standard athletes, actors, singers, dancers, and all participants of extracurricular activities are held to. Being involved in sports does not only reflect the athlete, but is a representation of the entire student body and staff members. The responsibility of athletes to uphold this good reputation is one of the main reasons student athletes are proven to perform better in school, and stay out of trouble. Being a student athlete in high school does not only keep the student responsible, it also provides physical activity for students who have been sitting in the classroom all day. Not only does physical activity contribute to a healthy body weight and prevention of heart disease and type 2 diabetes, but also shows astounding benefits in academic performance and lowering depression. Penny McCullagh, a psychologist, found in her research that exercise has the ability to work like an anti-depressant. McCullagh states, â€Å"The most common treatments for depression, for example, are psychotherapy or medication. Psychologists have found that exercise is a third successful alternative† (McCullagh). The article states the best results to help depression comes when a combination of exercise and psychotherapy happens together. The physical exercise from sports also helps brain function. â€Å"According to a study done by the Department of Exercise Science at the University of Georgia, even briefly exercising for 20 minutes facilitates information processing and memory functions† (Physical Exercise for Brain Health). Just the exercise alone from sports is already helping with depression, brain functions, or just staying fit and in shape. There are many studies with evidence to support the benefit exercise has in the classroom. â€Å"Researchers at Saginaw Valley State University in Michigan tracked the grades and exercise habits of 266 undergraduates. It was found that students who regularly participate in vigorous physical activity had higher G. P. A. ’s† (Parker-Pope). Regular exercise has a tremendous effect on the brain, especially in the high school years when it is still developing. Along with these benefits, being part of a sports team influences attitudes on and off the court or field. Student athletes are proven to have a stronger sense of leadership, motivation, and work ethic than their peers who do not participate in after school activities. Belonging to a team or club creates a drive in students to succeed in all aspects of life. Many Americans today are suffering from being obese or overweight. According to the American Heart Association, â€Å"23. 9 million children ages 2 to 19 are overweight or obese; 33. 0% of boys and 30. 4% of girls† (Overweight Obesity – 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet). That means almost two thirds of all the Americans are at an unhealthy weight. According to Centers for Disease Control, obesity brings in $147 billion in healthcare costs per year. There are many different causes for obesity such as stress, inactivity, and depression. There is one simple solution to decrease the amount of obese adults and children in America. Playing sports helps with all three of the problems. Habits are formed at a young age, so if sports are a part of a lifestyle as a young child, they will most likely be a part of their future. When some people think about exercise, they instantly think boring, tedious, painful workouts in an over packed gym. What most people don’t know is that exercise can be fun! All it takes is the motivation to get off the couch. Exercising with others increases the chance that you will stick with it. Sports teams are the ultimate example of this. When a support system is built in, with the drive to not let your teammates down, the motivation to be physically fit comes naturally. People argue that playing sports leaves no time for homework. However, there is a system at Nooksack Valley High School called study table. Study table is an hour long class where any missing homework can be complete before school. This system was made to give extra help to kids that are failing classes while playing sports. Nooksack Valley’s athletic director, Tom Harmon, checks the grades of each student athlete every Sunday. If any students are failing a class a study table is assigned each morning for the entire week. If the student is failing more than one class then they are not allowed to participate in any games or tournaments held that week. The phrase â€Å"student before athlete† is commonly used among coaches and staff members. Being a successful student is far more important than making touchdowns or scoring goals. Student first, athlete second is the only way to ensure students are prepared for higher education or entering the work force after graduation. Some people may argue that high school sports need to be cut due to lack of funding. Personally, I think without the opportunity to participate in sports students will lack the development of very important life skills. From experience, players can say that being a member of a high school sports team has taught them how to work hard for what they want, how to step up and be a leader, and how to communicate with others and be a team player. These skills and personality traits are all things that future employers are looking for when making hiring decisions. Managers know that people who have grown up being involved in sports teams and clubs are trained to work well with others, and have a strong work ethic. Marty Brounstein lists ten qualities of an effective team player as the ability to demonstrate reliability, communicate constructively, listen actively, function as an active participant, share openly and willingly, exhibit flexibility, show commitment, work as a problem solver, and, finally, treat others with respect and support. â€Å"Team players with commitment look beyond their own piece of the work and care about the team’s overall work. In the end, their commitment is about winning — not in the sports sense of beating your opponent but about seeing the team succeed and knowing they have contributed to this success. Winning as a team is one of the great motivators of employee performance. Good team players have and show this motivation† (Brounstein). In conclusion, being actively involved in high school sports shows success on and off the court or field as well as in future career choices. Participation in sports teams is not only beneficial while in high school but in all stages of life. Skills learned from coaches and teammates can be applied in meeting new friends in college, at job interviews, and in many other instances. â€Å"We have data indicating sports and other extracurricular activities do better than academic classes in teaching leadership, teamwork, time management and other skills crucial for success in the workplace† (Mathews). While some may say that high school athletics need to be cut because the money spent on them could be put to better use, the evidence of many studies proves this statement to be false. Without the opportunity to be a part of a team or club, students lose out on a great learning experience that acts as a foundation for the rest of their lives. The ability to manage being a successful student as well as a good athlete takes a special skill that is developed during the high school years. There needs to be a balance between academic and athletic commitment. A student’s high school career cannot only be based on one or the other. It needs a combination of the two in order for the student to reach full potential. Michael Jordan is one of the most inspiring athletes to kids around the world. He often stems his success back to his experiences with high school sports. I believe it is stories like his that demonstrate the importance of being involved in sports teams, and the life lessons that are learned throughout the experience. A famous quote from Jordan states, â€Å"I’ve missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. † How to cite Importance of High School Sports, Papers

Diversity in the Workplace free essay sample

Today’s workforce is becoming more diverse as many people from different ethnic backgrounds, gender, race, religion, and age are acquiring positions in major companies. This is a major change in the workforce from previous decades since diversity then only applied to race and gender; today, the workforce has been impacted by many different classes of people all bringing something significant to the workforce as a whole. Diversity within the workplace is deemed necessary in order for organizations to remain in compliance with laws that protect certain classes from discrimination such as Equal Employment Opportunity Laws. Diversity within an organization can positively and negatively impact the overall functions of an organization. With increased diversity within the U. S. labor force, human resource practices are essential to utilize the talents, potential, and overall contributions that can come from the diverse populations. This paper will provide an overview of diversity within organizations addressing issues associated with a diverse workforce, methods of addressing those issues, and recommendations for human resource personnel in order to properly adapt accordingly to a diverse workforce. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Current Situation There are many contributing factors to a diverse workforce from immigration to people of all backgrounds, ages, and genders entering into the workforce. â€Å"Recent studies have attributed workforce diversity to the increased globalization of the twenty-first century, which has increased the mobility of people across nations as well as interdependence of organizations† (Okoro Washington, 2012, p. 57). Such factors will result in many changes to the workforce both good and bad. In an effort for an organization to successfully thrive with the many changes to the workforce, it is imperative that human resource personnel are properly trained on diversity and adapting to the many differences that will come from the many different backgrounds. The most important thing that must be taken into account with a diverse workforce is that no one person is the same. For managers and employees this may pose a major problem in adjusting to the many differences that will come from the many backgrounds of the workforce. â€Å"The challenge for managers in the future will be to recognize that people with characteristics that are common but are different from those in the mainstream, often think, act, learn, and communicate differently. Because every person, culture, and business situation is unique, there are no simple rules for managing diversity, but diversity experts say that employers need to develop patience, open-mindedness, acceptance, and cultural awareness† (Mondy, 2012, p. 47). Diverse populations can result in negative effects on an organization as a whole. Many studies have been completed on the issues of diversity within the workplace and contributing factors that have majorly impacted the overall production of an organization. It is imperative that such issues are recognized in an effort to effectively overcome them. Researchers have recognized the following issues associated with diversity within the workplace: communication barriers, employee isolation, tension among employees, and all of these factors can result in loss of productivity within the organization and employee turnover. Managers who are aware of the possible negative effects of diversity can work to implement ways to reverse the overall impact that can occur within the organization. Communication barrier is probably one of the biggest impacts that diversity has on the workplace. With the many different cultural, ethnic, and racial backgrounds within organizations, it is very likely to be some breakdowns in communication among employees. Since communication is essential to the success of an organization, this alone could be detrimental to the overall effectiveness of an organization. â€Å"Effective communication, both internally and externally, is essential for any organization wishing to excel in today’s internationally competitive corporate environment and global business and competitive corporate environment and global business and competitive advantage would not be achievable without effective business  communication† (Okoro Washington, 2012, p. 57). In many cases, a breakdown of communication can result in employees not being able to communicate effectively enough to get an assignment done which ultimately results in loss of production within the company. Someone who feels communicating with certain people are worthless will ultimately refuse to communicate all together. This can be a major loss for the company. Isolation of certain groups is also common among diverse populations within an organization. Communication barriers can contribute a great deal to isolation; groups that feel they cannot communicate effectively with other groups often subject themselves only to people they can relate to. â€Å"Isolation is a characteristic that describes how unusual an individual is within a workgroup. If a group is 90% female and highly cohesive on average, the few men may not be included in the portion of the group that is cohesive and has repeated interactions† . Such isolation is common among certain races as well where Hispanics typically only interact with Hispanics; this isolation can result in race-specific interactions which could prohibit the organization from prospering from the ideas and talents that other groups would have to offer through communication. Diversity within the workplace is also likely to cause tension among employees as a direct result of the communication barriers and isolation of certain groups. In many cases, certain groups may feel threatened by the other and this can create negative attention among both groups affecting any decision-making that will need to take place in order to get a job done. Tension can also be the direct result of employees feeling like outcasts within the organization; an employee who feels their ideas or talents are least favorable to another group are likely to take their frustration out on that particular group further escalating the tension within the workplace. Tension can also lead to discrimination among groups within the company. Employee turnover and loss of productivity within an organization can be direct results of communication barriers, isolation, and tension caused by diversity. Employees who are unable to communicate effectively are less likely to carry out the duties of their position. Consequently, the company suffers a loss. The same holds true for those individuals who isolate themselves refusing to interact or communicate with other groups within the organization; their lack of interaction and communication prohibits them from working together as needed to achieve the goals aligned by the organization. Tension among employees is common when they feel they are unable to communicate effectively or feel that their presence within the organization is less valuable than any other employee. Employees who feel unaccomplished in any way within an organization are more likely to leave the organization resulting in repeat turnover for the organization. Addressing the Problems Diversity does not have to negatively impact an organization; however, organizations who fail to recognize the importance of diversity and the potential negative impact that it can have on an organization will lose out in many ways. There are various ways that human resource managers can effectively equip their organization for diverse populations and embracing the ideas, talents, and contributions that people from ethnic, educational, racial, and cultural backgrounds can bring to the company. There is no way around diversity; therefore, it is imperative that each organizations take the steps necessary to address any issues that may hinder the organization from embracing the positives that can come from a diverse workforce. â€Å"In order to remain competitive, companies must take steps to embrace the shift in diversity. The statistics from the U. S. Census show that diversity in the workplace will become more apparent. Companies cannot avoid the change, no matter their preparations. Those that embrace and get ready for the change will be able to develop a diverse workforce that is cohesive, not haphazard† (Lau Kleiner, 2012, p. 29). Human resource managers must recognize the factors that may arise from diversity and implement ways to deter the negatives that may arise from them. Doing so will ensure the company’s position in the competitive market. â€Å"Many U. S.  companies have already committed themselves to ensuring that they recognize the diversity of their internal labor force and use it to gain a competitive advantage† (Noe et al, 2014, p. 33). One method of achieving this is through training employees on diverse populations and effective communications with people of different backgrounds. Such training can include role play where the employees must interact with one another; this can serve as the first step of two different groups effectively communicating with one another in a workplace setting. Another method is through the implementation of mentoring programs where employees are monitored and counseled on issues that may affect their performance as it relates to diversity. This program will allow employees to address any concerns they may have about certain groups and managers can brainstorm effective methods of addressing those issues and dealing with any resistance to diversity in an effective manner. Finally, human resource managers can promote knowledge of the many cultural groups in an effort of encouraging acceptance of those differences. Employees who are more aware of why a certain group interacts the way that they do are able to accept their ways of doing things more so than someone who lacks that knowledge. A combination of these programs will assist an organization a great deal in assisting its employees with effectively dealing with the diverse population of employees. In turn, the organization will experience an organization that is highly productive and able to thrive successfully in the highly competitive workforce. Conclusions Diversity within organizations is very common in today’s workforce. Many organizations are comprised of individuals of all ethnic backgrounds, cultural backgrounds, racial backgrounds, age groups, etc. who are able to bring forth many different ideas and contributions to the overall effectiveness and success of the organization. With a diverse workforce an organization can also experience negative outcomes resulting in employee turnover and loss of productivity for the company. It is highly recommended that employers and human resource personnel embrace diversity implementing any program necessary in order to properly train employees to effectively address diversity. The company’s ability to make the changes necessary to ensure their employees are operating along the same lines to achieve the overall goals and missions of the organization despite their backgrounds is vital to the company’s future survival in the corporate world. Diversity in the Workplace free essay sample Diversity in the Workplace I have this image of America and the bronze plaque at the bottom of the Statue of Liberty. Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. We are a country of immigrates, built on the ideals, culture, and inclusion of our differences. Our profession should reflect the inclusive society in which America is built on. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of diversity in the workplace. Importance of diversity in the workplace Despite modest gains in ethnic and racial minority representation in the nursing rofession, the current nursing workforce does not mirror the U. S. population (Melillo, Dowling, Abdalah, Findeisen, Khight, 2013, p. 102). According to authors, there is a clear link between lack of diversity in the nursing workforce and nursings ability to effectively address health disparities with high-quality, culturally competent care (Melillo, Dowling, Abdalah, Findeisen, Khight, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether its age, gender, race or religion, the more inclusive we are the more likely we will be able to relate and understand the needs of our coworkers and patients. The intention of nursing eing a discipline that embraces, integrates, and permeates cultural diversity is continually challenged and evaluated. The changes in the ethnic and cultural composition of the U. S. population constantly challenge nurses daily to incorporate the diverse needs of their clients into the provision of quality nursing care while facing a shortage of adequate qualified staff to meet these needs (Lowe Archibald, 2009). It is hard to be aware of all the differences that we all share. Its easier to look at what we have in common. We want to be satisfied with our Job and we want our atients to feel welcome and well taken care of when they come to us for help. Summary of one aspect of diversity Generational diversity among the nursing workforce has increased in the past ten years. This can be correlated to nurses working longer in their positions because of many outside factors. The economic downturn of the mid 2000, the reduction of pensions and the higher cost of healthcare are Just a few reasons why nurses have stayed longer in their positions. Age diversity has its pros and cons. Nurses of different age groups are able to gain a broader perspective, offer a better epresentation of patient groups, and make a stronger connection to patients. However, age differences represent different training and thinking, communication patterns, and technology competences, which can increase emotional conflict and work stress, and impair performance and well-being (Lehmann-Willenbrock, Lei Kauffeld, 2012). We currently have four generations of nurses; veterans, baby boomers, generation x and millennials. A generation is defined here as an identifiable group that shares birth years, age, location and important life events at critical developmental stages (Hendricks Cope,2013). There are clear differences etween generations. A millennial will be able to adapt to information gathering quicker because they have grown up in highly technological society. How many times have we asked our children how do you do this with your phone or where do I find it. Understanding the differences in the norm of each generation helps to create touch points for commonality. For example, changes to modes of communication which have taken the focus from face-to-face or written communication, the preferred style of veteran nurses and informal discussions, particularly suited to Baby Boomers, means that personal interactions that build trust and allow for ifferences must now include technology which is more suited to gen Xers and the millennials (Hendricks Cope, 2013). We need to highlight the best traits of each generation to provide the best care for the patient. Creating a supporting and inclusive environment leads to greater Job satisfaction and lower burn out. Underrepresentation of minorities in nursing Why are nurses mostly Caucasian and Female? Why is there predisposition for certain departments within a hospital? Why are there an increased number of men in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit departments compared to the rest of he hospital? Researchers have found that these disparities in race/ethnicity are not due to genetic differences but rather to social complexities, racism, and differences in treatment (Maughan Barrows, 2013). If you grow up not being able to afford good health care or are not in an environments that values it, how would you aspire to become nurse? When there is support from the government, universities, and healthcare groups, there is spike of interest when the programs are in effect. Interest has to be developed at an early stage for a minority to want to become a nurse. If you do not know that it could be a possible to become a nurse or thats it exciting for you? Why would you want to become a nurse? So I feel that the underrepresentation is a factor of perceived status, social prejudice and economic disparity. Influence of diversity on nursing care Diversity brings a different perspective toa problem. For instance, their findings show that when people with diverse demographic characteristics are together in groups or organizational settings, the different perspectives lead to more creative solutions to problems (Gates Mark, 2012). A good example of this might be as imple as the ability to speak Spanish. If I am trying to communicate with a patient and I am unable to understand or the patient understands me then it would be beneficial to have a Spanish speaker on the floor to assist in the communication with the patient. The patient will be more relaxed because her medical condition will be accurately described. Society expects nursing to be culturally competent in response to the increasing prevalence of diverse people in the United States (Lowe Archibald, 2009). We were taught in nursing school that different races have a predisposition to ertain conditions but this wasnt enough. Nursing as a profession and discipline can conceptualize cultural diversity as more than Just an awareness of diverse cultures through basic nursing curricula (Lowe Archibald, 2009).

Philippine Century Hence Essay Sample free essay sample

The Philippines a Century Hence is an essay written by our national hero Jose Rizal and it tells the hereafter of the state within a hundred old ages. In this essay. published in La Solidaridad. it starts analysing the assorted causes of the jobs suffered by the Filipino people. One of those jobs is the Spain’s execution of her military policies. because of such Torahs the poorness here in our state became rampant than of all time. And the household as a unit of society was neglected. and overall. in every facet of life of the Filipino was retarded. Next is the devastation of the Filipino civilization. the native Filipino civilization. because of this. the Filipinos started losing assurance in their yesteryear and their heritage. became dubious of their present life style. and finally lost hope in the hereafter and the saving of their race. The Spanish colonisers are the 1 with the most powerful forces and they influenced the civilization of silence among the indigens. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Century Hence Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of the usage of force. the Filipinos learned to subject themselves to the will of the aliens. Finally. the indigens realized that such subjugation in their society by foreign colonisers must no longer be tolerated. One inquiry Rizal raises in this essay is whether or non Spain can so forestall the advancement of the Philippines. maintaining the people uneducated and nescient had failed. Keeping he people impoverished besides came to no help. Spain. therefore. had no agencies to halt the advancement of the state. What needs to make is to alter colonial policies so that they are in maintaining with the demands of the Philippine society and to the lifting patriotism of the people. What Rizal had envisioned in his essay came true. In 1898. the Americans wrestled with Spain to win the Philippines. and finally took over the state. Theirs was a reign of democracy and autonomy. Five decennaries after Rizal’s decease. the Philippines gained her long-awaited independency. This was in fulfilment of what he had written in his essay: â€Å"History does non enter in its annals any permanent domination by one people over another. of different races. of diverse uses and imposts. of opposite and divergent thoughts. One of the two had to give and yield. †

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines Free Online Research Papers The website for Southwest Airlines states â€Å"The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit† (Southwest Cares: Doing the Right Thing, para. 2). Southwest continues to excel in customer service, employee development, and profitability. Southwest has the fewest customer complaints of any major airline, an employee turnover ratio of less than 10 percent, and has shown a profit each year it has been in existence (D’Aurizio, 2008). Southwest’s excellent customer service record relates directly to the warm, friendly assistance delivered by employees. Management at Southwest has built a culture of treating employees as family and expects them to treat customers like family as well. Before employment, the company showers new hires with parties and welcome celebrations. Training is available so that employees have the chance to advance within the company (D’Aurizio, 2008). All employees at every level, from the CEO to the janitors, receive stock options. This creates a culture of ownership mentality, which motivates employees to keep profits up by delivering exceptional customer service (Holstein, 2008). According to Laurens and Budinich (2008), the culture built by co-founder and former CEO Herb Kelleher is the secret to the success of Southwest. This culture â€Å"develop(s) and integrate(s) a dedicated and motivated workforce† (p. 30) that succeeds together. Kelleher led by example, treating his employees like family, and open communication played a vital role in forming this unique culture. The company’s culture is embedded in employees from the first interview. Events in the lives of employees are acknowledged and celebrated by everyone. The company establishes special programs for families of employees. The company listens to comments and feedback, not only from employees, but also employees’ families, customers, and vendors (D’Aurizio, 2008). By putting into practice the philosophy of open communication, Southwest has managed to foster a culture that has made it a profitable organization. Communication plays a vital role in organizational culture and employees’ perception of that culture. The website Reference for Business (2009) contends that message receivers use perception to make sense out of a message and to determine the message’s meaning. With perception, the receiver makes sense out of a message based on experience (Reference for Business, 2009). No person sees experiences exactly the same as another. Each has a unique set of experiences, a unique perceptual filter, through which he or she interprets messages. Making up this filter is the unique blend of childhood background, teaching, and the life experiences of the perceiver. In communication, each message receiver uses that filter to make sense out of the experience (Reference for Business, 2009). The challenge in organizational communication is enabling employees to comprehend messages ways intended. Friedman, Liu, Parks, and Simons (2007) argue that this communication includes the perceived match between adopted values and enacted values and the extent to which promises are kept. Effective communication relates to trust in managers and organizational commitment. Communication and commitment relates to employee retention, customer service, and company profitability (Friedman et al., 2007). Misaligned perceptions can lead to communication barriers and can ultimately lead to the breakdown of an organization’s cultural values. During organizational communication, conflict will invariably arise. According to Beebe and Masterson, â€Å"conflict in a group occurs when members disagree over two or more options that a group can take in trying to make a decision, resolve a problem, or achieve a goal† (Chapter 7, p. 169). Conflict can also occur when differences in goals exist. However, contrary to popular belief, conflict should not always be avoided. Some conflict naturally occurs as a result of communication because all group members will not share the same values, beliefs, or attitudes (Beebe Masterson, 2006). Conflict can be used in a positive manner. Southwest Airlines could use conflict to challenge group members to further research different ideas for resolutions to problems. For example, additional research could be used to determine if additional routes would be cost-effective or if dropping certain routes would cut costs. Southwest Airlines commitment to a culture that promotes employee empowerment has made the airline one of the most profitable airlines today. Open communication and in-house advancement encourages a positive perception of company culture. It also allows employees the opportunity to express ideas and believe themselves a part of the Southwest â€Å"family†. References Beebe, S. A., Masterson, J. T. (2006). Communicating in Small Groups: Principles and Practices (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson. DAurizio, P. (2008). Southwest Airlines: Lessons in Loyalty. Nursing Economics, 26(6), 389-392. Holstein, W. J. (2008, February). At Southwest, the Culture Drives Success. BusinessWeek, 28-30. Laurens, E., Budinich, D. (2008). The Power of Integrated Leadership. Banking Solutions, 30-31. Simons, T., Friedman, R., Liu, L. A., Parks, J. M. (2007). Behavioral Integrity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 650-665. Southwest Airlines. (2009). Southwest Cares: Doing the Right Thing. Retrieved from southwest.com Waltman, J. L. (2009). Reference for Business. Enclyclopedia of Business. Retrieved from encyclopediaofbusiness.com Research Papers on Southwest AirlinesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Government in a Capitalism Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government in a Capitalism Structure - Essay Example faire capitalism occurs when the economic surrounding in which transactions between private parties are free from the influence of government subsidies, restrictions and tariffs and only have regulations that are meant to protect their property rights. Welfare capitalism involves the practice of businesses that provide welfare services to the employees of their organizations and State capitalism is a type of capitalism where the business activities are undertaken by the state that organize and manage the means of production. Government owned businesses dominates state capitalism and they receive a lot support from the States unlike other private owned businesses. This paper is going to scrutinize the interlocking role of the government in a capitalism structure. The government affects the capitalism structure both positively and negatively hence, their roles could be appreciated depending with the influence they have to business enterprises and citizens. Roberts (2010) stated that the role of the government in the capitalism structure is to protect the citizens from the businesses that use force and fraud and ensure that the people are protected. Government protects individuals by ensuring that their rights are respected by business enterprises. Roberts (2010) stated that the government applies the use of the military to ensure security of citizens in cases of foreign aggression, police force to maintain law and order in their countries and court systems to settle disputes and enforce contracts among citizens. Commons (2006) stated that the government makes regulations on services and products to ensure that citizens are safe from harm. This is happens especially when the government restricts the use of certain materials that could harm the health of the citizens. The private businesses have an obligation to manufacturer materials that are environmentally friendly to avoid causing harm to the citizens. The government ensures that gases produced by private

IT Commentary Presentation PowerPoint Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Commentary - PowerPoint Presentation Example American Express Service, the Verizon Wireless IOS Smartphone, the near field communications technologies and the USA technologies- The company has designed a cashless payment, a wireless payment and M2M telemetry technology for use in the vending machines. Over 62,000 vending machines using eport connect cashless payment and USAT’S eport point- of-sale devices have got the ISIS smart tap technology enabled. The technology is meant for rewards access, loyalty programs and contactless payments (Mobile Payments Today, 2013) The NFC technology uses wireless means to exchange data between an NFC -enabled device and other devices. Verizon customer can use the Android Smartphone as their wallet that safely stores the virtual versions of their debit cards and credit cards. It also serves as a home to coupons, loyalty cards and some other special offers (Mobile Payments Today, 2013). For one to use the ISIS mobile wallet he/she require the following materials; A T-Mobile Advanced SIM Card which is capable of information storage and protection, regarding payments and any other sensitive wallet details. There is also need for An ISIS enabled Smartphone that has support the NFC technology in the transfer of payment details at a check point. A major setback for the new subscribers is that you will have or need to purchase a new Advanced SIM, which could be costly (Bunton, 2013). Some of the locations where this ISIS Mobile Wallet can be used include; Office Deport, Coca-Cola vending machines, American Apparel, T-Mobile and many others. This mobile app enables the users to store the virtual versions of their staff in there wallets, in the Smartphone. The app enables the customers to maintain their loyalty information, payment information, money saving offers and discount information in one place that is convenient. For example; New American Express Service Account holders who sign for an account through the ISIS Mobile wallet by the end of the month of June will receive

The Media In India Media Essay

The Media In India Media Essay Looking at the history of news coverage of the war and internal crisis situation, it is quite evident that the news from the area of operation has always interested the mankind. Media these days has now assumed a status which it had seldom enjoyed earlier. Starting as an institutionalized approach to generate awareness and inform masses, media has become an instrument to govern our lives. A close scrutiny and study of Mahabharata would expose to us the nuances of battle that went on between the two adversaries and till date it remains a great testimony to what the quality of battlefield reporting analyses was during the epic period in India. If we were to identify a war correspondent in correspondingly modern India, possibly William Howard Russells name could be the first one to be cited as he reported upon the first war of independence in India in 1857.The coverage of the war and internal crisis in present day scenario has taken an interesting turn with the near real time to live co verage of the events showing pictures from the crisis zone instantly. Media has been playing a vital link to the rest of India on the ongoing insurgency/militancy in Kashmir and North East. Media coverage took an upward surge almost nearing a deluge during the Kargil conflict. Twenty four into seven channels began churning the battlefield in a hunt for not only the latest stories but a series of stories eclipsing the previous one thereby arousing public interest and forming opinions. Never had there been so much support to the war effort in the recent history as was evident during the Kargil conflict. Why did it happen the way it did-did media play a role in it? Do we expect the media to be as supportive during future operations as it was during Kargil? Would the part of media that is controlled and financed by people from outside the country continue to play the ball the way it did during the Kargil conflict? Today, the images of war, for that matter peace, can decisively draw the contours of a nations public opinion even before the authorities can confirm or repudiate the authenticity. Therefore, it is all the more essential to critically analyse the role media can pl ay and how best can it be optimized without compromising any of its essential elements. Press council of India 1. Press Council is a mechanism for the pres to regulate itself. The raison detre of this unique institution is rooted in the concept that in a democratic society the press needs at once to be free and reasonable. If the press is to function effectively as the watchdog of public interest, it must have a secure freedom of expression, unfettered and unhindered by any authority, organised body or individuals. But, this claim to press freedom has legitimacy only if it is exercised with due sense of responsibility. The press must therefore scrupulously adhere to accepted norms of journalistic ethics and maintain high standard of professional conduct. Where the norms are breached and freedom is defiled by unprofessional conduct, a way must exist to check and control it. But, control by government or official authorities may prove destructive of this freedom. Therefore, the best way is to let peers of the profession, assisted by a few discerning layman to regulate it through a properly stru ctured representative impartial machinery. Hence, the Press Council. 2. The Press Council of India was first set up in the year 1966 by the Parliament on the recommendations of the First Press Commission with the objective of preserving the freedom of the press and of maintaining and improving the standards of press in India. The present Council functions under the Press Council Act 1978. It adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the press respectively. The Press Council is headed by a chairman, who has by convention, been a retired judge of Supreme Court of India. The council consists of 28 other members of whom 20 represent the press and are nominated by the press organisation/news agencies recognised and notified by the Council as all India bodies of categories such as editors, working journalists and owners and managers of newspaper, five members are nominated from the two houses of the Parliament and represent cultural, literary and legal fields as nominees of Sahitya Academ y, University Grant Commission and Bar Council of India. The members serve on the Council for a term of three years. The Council was last reconstituted on May 22, 2001. The Press Council of India has the following function:- To help the newspaper to maintain their independence. (ii) Medium of Media Role of Media 2. Role of media is that of mediation between the government and the people of the nation. Due to its responsibilities, media is the fourth pillar of the democratic India. After 63 years of achieving independence and quest towards becoming number one power of the world by 2020 through economic growth, the role of media is somewhat uncertain and putting a question mark on the Indian journalism. Before moving ahead we need to ask ourselves and think as to is Indian media playing the role for what it has been known that is the fourth pillar of the state? If not then what role media should play? The obvious answer to this question is that the media should be fair, reliable, impartial, accurate analysis/reporting and work in an integrated manner towards the overall benefit of the people of the nation. As far as news is concerned, media should analyse the news in a very rigid manner, how it has happened and what is the very existence of the news to go to the root cause of the problem inste ad of being biased to any facts and figures available of hand or floated by anybody. But the fact remains very often rather going deep into any problem, journalists are blindly accepting the news as truth which is being formulated and carefully manipulated by the evil elements and disseminate the same publicly. Well, the entire community of journalist s cannot be placed under suspicious category for the inappropriate reporting or misdeeds of few journalists. 3. Medias basic role is to inform, influence, entertain and help develop economy of state which involves news evaluation, analysis and assessment and finally dissemination. Newspapers have a dual role; it is a quasi public institution and a free enterprise and same holds good for the electronic media also. However when the media overlooks its responsibility to the people of a nation and lays more emphasis on being free enterprise that is the problem starts. Another problem is what news is worthy and what is not, and most important is what news need not be published or broadcasted is decided by whom? The journalist is neither to be considered as a detective nor a historian but as mediator in conveying its readers all about the event. Major General Winant Sidle of the US Army says, The appropriate media role in relation to the government has been summarised aptly as being neither a lap dog nor an attack dog but, rather, a watch dog. Apart from acquisition, interpretation and disseminat ion of news, role of media can be summarised as; to create public opinion and attitudes, act as watch-dog for citizens in terms of human rights issues and abuses by institution of power, inform public with events that are balanced and finally maintain national morale by responsible news coverage. The Constitution of India and Press Freedom 4. The Constitution of India, specifically in the chapter on Fundamental Rights, surprisingly, does not mention freedom of press. Later on, Dr. Ambedkar however had mentioned that being part of the guarantees of Freedom of Speech and Expression in Article 19 (1) (a) of the constitution it was not necessary to stipulate the freedom of press separately. Freedom of expression as mentioned in the Constitution implies all forms of opinions, thoughts, ideas and conviction and thus covers most of what is needed for the freedom of press. Censorship is no way covered in any provisions of the Indian constitutions. However during an emergency under the Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights including Freedom of Expression and Speech stands suspended. The Article 19 (2) of the Constitution of India states that the freedom of the press can be restricted for reasons of sovereignty and integrity of India, preserving democracy and the security of the state, besides some other contingencies. 5. Freedom of the media in actual facts is tempered by hard ground realities such as power and influence of the ownership on editorial policies, commercial orientation of the media, government control over key resources such as newsprint, communications and advertisements. Very often media misuses the freedom given to it and it is evident from a number of issues. Media these days are more engaged in dramatization of an event or news rather than reflecting the informative part. More often, unnecessarily intruding into private lives/personal matters of the people and especially focussing on the distress victims and their families. Media has been in highlight for being involved in corrupt practices and favouring the publishers, political parties, business houses, religious institutions to name a few. Biased publishing, journalist and editor block some news while highlighting others for the reasons of there own. There have been instances where media play up regional emotions leading to s trong appeal and wide spread commotion. During reportage of war or any operations related to internal crisis situation, many a times media has show immaturity and is irresponsible in its reporting by sensationalizing and escalating the conflict. Police, politician and corporate can still be considered for double standards, but how can we expect the same standards from our journalist community. When one pillar collapses, the whole building is likely to fall down. Media being the fourth pillar need to be strong enough in breaking the ice and put forward news and make the truth distinct from ambiguous or falsehood which will entail death of social evil and the people of the nation and the state itself will live in peace. This is the responsibility than needs to be understood and taken up by the Indian journalism. Now, how they are going to shape, direct and lead the new generation of India towards to a peaceful nation as a whole is matter of time and the self awakening. Media ethics 6. Media both print and more so the electronic media plays an important catalyst in shaping the public opinions, sentiments and dogmas by promulgating accurate and desirable information and knowledge. Due to the vast intrusion of television news in public life, it has the power and can create an enduring impact on society, culture and security of a region. These days media is generally facing a qualitative crisis pertaining to the news disseminated by it and it seems as the news channels in India have their respective doctrine charted out presenting anything as news which leads to an departure from the ethical issues of journalism. They have metamorphosed themselves towards packaging of information and have adopted a policy of corporate culture wherein their basic motto has transformed from disseminating information to earning television rating points. With numerous news channels being beamed to our houses the thirst for the actual news by the public is not met due to lack of content , quality and authenticity which have deteriorated over a period of time. Electronic media in India has been irresponsible in presenting news and sensitizing crucial events without understanding and realising the impact and implications on the people and security of the nation. Investigative journalism is the in thing now where in the channels has become a self proclaimed investigating agency which to some extent is instrumental in bringing out the truth but slowly the channels are being used as a means of personal vendetta or gains by insiders as well as outsiders. 7. Media used to be known as the voice of common people and a medium to grab knowledge of the world. Media had over a period of time had built some ethics which was appreciated but with the rapid development, mushrooming of news agencies and requirement of growth it is loosing its credibility. Print media compared to electronic media was known for its accuracy and its ethics and with passage of time everything has become part of marketing and news turned into commodity. The so called free media talks the language of the agencies they are benefited from. The ethics which is being talked about is what should be written or shown and what shouldnt be. The overall aim should to add to society, nation building for a better tomorrow. Contrary to this, media coverage includes matters which are of no use to the citizen but surely for their own mileage. News is supposed to connect the world and not a soap opera in which media ethics, duties and purpose is lost. Reach of mass media 8. It is important for a country like ours to know the capabilities of available mass media facilities, readership, listener ship and viewer ship habits of the people to gauge the reach of media. But do we know when it comes to the reach of various mass media individually and in combination among the diverse population in the country. There many question which arises like how many in the country are exposed to or read newspaper, view television, listen to radio, surf internet, etc? Which one of the available media and how frequently? How many and who all read more than one newspaper, which one and where in India? During what period of the day and how frequently do the people watch TV and listen to radio? What is the duplication/overlap of programmes between different media and many more intricate questions like such will determine the influence the media will create in the people of a nation and gauge its reach. 9. In the year 2006, National Readership was carried out in India which is considered the largest survey of its kind in the world, with samples from 2,84,373 house interviews to measure the media penetration and exposure in both urban and rural India and obviously the readership of publications. According to the survey, today average urban adult is spending 44 minutes per day reading magazines and dailies. Readership of dailies continue to grow as compared to the previous year however there is a decline in magazine readership both in urban and rural India. Satellite television has grown in leaps and bound and has a considerable reach: TV now reaches 112 million Indian homes. Internet has also spread predominantly with a reach now exceeding 12 millions. Resurgence of radio cannot be ignored as its reach has increased to 27% of the population tuning in to any radio station in the average week, almost equaling the number of readers. This boom in media reach and penetration will play a v ital role towards national perception and national security as such. Media Ownership and control in India 10. In February 1995 in a landmark judgement, Supreme Court of India ruled that the airwaves are public property and no longer under government control. In 1996 a Broadcasting bill was formulated and an autonomous Broadcasting Authority was vested with regulatory powers. The ministry of information and broadcasting in June 1998 allowed private Indian satellite channels to uplink from India. With the media being liberalised entry of foreign media was eminent, now the question which comes to mind is; do foreign media impact the policy decisions, a tool of cultural imperialism, western business and foreign policy interest in turn hampering national security. The positive side may be in favours of foreign media on the ground of plurality, competition and readers right to know. Their influence will mould the perception of the population as they wield through their agenda. 11. It is very interesting to know as to who controls the various media entity in India and obviously it will stem out from the ownership. A very popular news channel NDTV, is funded by gospels of charity in Spain which supports communism. CEO of this company is Prannoy Roy who is related to Prakash karat, the General Secretary of communist party of India. CNN-IBN is funded by Southern Baptist Church with its branches all over the world with its HQ in US. Times Group which includes Times of India, Mid-Day, Nav Bharat Times, Stardust, Femina, Times Now (TV news channel) and many more is owned by Benet and Coleman. Star TV is managed by an Australian, who is supported by St. Peters Pontifical Church, Melbourne. Birla Group owned Hindustan Times have changed hands which is presently owned by Shobhana Bharatiya and working in collaboration with the Times Group. English daily, The Hindu started over 125 years has been taken over by Josua Society, Berne, Switzerland. The Indian express in which ACTS Christian Ministries have a major stake. There are many other regional news print who are privately owned by Indians which have more reach and impact in the rural, semi-urban and to some extent urban population. Regional TV network like Enadu is controlled by Ramoji Rao who has connection in the film industry. 12. The ownership explains the control of media in India by external agencies be it foreigner or Indian. The news will be biased by their owners and the product that filters down to the common man will distort. The result is obvious; we are going to be fed with tailor made news by the companies who are holding the strings. Media responsibility 13. Freedom of press might have potential unintended effect while engaged in the internal crisis situation especially when considering modern media as a force multiplier. Many a times the media is in an awkward position when it is covering terrorist events. Medias role to protect the societys right to know comes in direct conflict with the states (military, law enforcement and investigating agencies) mission is to protect and serve, and maintain order when covering internal crisis situations. The precarious balancing act that the press faces while covering terrorist incidents is like having censorship on one side of the weigh scale and freedom on the other side. During internal crisis situations, press needs to be always vigilant about balancing their freedom relating protecting the peoples right to know against their responsibility to play a constructive role. The more the freedom and accuracy goes into reporting, the more the coverage favours the terrorists and vice versa. Issues f acing the governments and media outlets before, during and after a terrorist incident need to be closely examined by both the agencies towards dissemination of information which will strike a balance. The terrorist and governments agendas tend to dramatically oppose, while the media position is often judgment call. Media is a force multiplier stuck in between complete censorship and total freedom of the press. It is important that the media continues to play a constructive role during times of local and national crisis but it is also critical that the media be allowed to continue to provide a counterbalance.

Criminology DNA Forensic Science Essay

We begin life as a single cell zygote, about 0. 1mm in diameter. The numerous biological instructions that enable our developmental and functional processes to occur from zygote to adult are encoded in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Forensic DNA analysis involves the intersection of several scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, and statistical analysis (Lynch, 2013). In order to understand the usefulness and the limitations of DNA in the analysis of physical evidence, it is important to be familiar with the basics principles underlying these diverse disciplines. Besides identical twins, each individual’s DNA is unique. After all it is the genetic material that contains all the information necessary for any organism to develop and function. However, only a one-half percent that is of interest to forensics scientists. This is the portion that varies greatly between individuals and it is what manifests itself in the individual traits such as eye color, hair color, and blood type. Most often the differences in DNA sequence do not show themselves in physical appearance; however, these sequences can only be examined using special laboratory techniques. Forensic scientists use these genetic differences from DNA to distinguish an individual between the individuals in a population. In 1944 Oswald Avery defined the role of the cellular component known as DNA as the vehicle of generational transference of heritable traits. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the structure of the DNA molecule as a double helix. Form follows function; the very nature of the molecule provided an explanation for its unique properties (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). In 1980, David Botstein and coworkers were the first to exploit the small variations found between people at the genetic level as landmarks to construct a human gene map. In 1984, while searching for disease markers in DNA Alec Jeffreys discovered the science of personal identification. He termed this method DNA Fingerprinting, a method to detect loci sequentially (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). This term is later replaced by DNA typing or DNA profiling, â€Å"Early in the use of DNA, profiles for the purpose of dentification were called DNA fingerprints, a term which is now rarely used† (Porter, 2005). The first forensic use of DNA occurred in England, â€Å"†¦ a DNA test was performed by Dr. Alex Jeffreys, who had developed DNA ‘fingerprinting† (Porter, 2005). One of the most significant facts of the case is that an innocent suspect was the first accused of the murder was freed based on the DNA evidence. Perhaps the most significant scientific advance bes ides the determination of the structure of DNA was in 1986 the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR multiplies the sample and yields results which were once unobtainable, â€Å"Furthermore, the statistical chances of a random coincidence in DNA of two individuals with the same profile have now reached enormous figures in the billions (Porter, 2005). Observation of cells and embryos in the late 19th century had led to the recognition that the hereditary information is carried on chromosomes, â€Å"thread-like structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that became visible by light microscopy as the cell begins to divide† (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). As biochemical analysis became possible, chromosomes were found to consist of both DNA and protein. DNA is the name given to a group of molecules that occur in all cells of all living organisms and that carry that organism’s genetic information. That, is they carry the instructions for making the chemical compounds, proteins, by which cells stay alive, grow, develop, reproduce, and carry out all the functions that constitute life as we know it. DNA molecules are very large, complex molecules made of only a few simple sugar units combined with a phosphate group and one of four nitrogen bases, adenine A, cytosine C, guanine G, and thymine T (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). The combination of one sugar molecule, one phosphate group and any on nitrogen base is called a nucleotide. A complete DNA molecule consists of very long chains of thousands of nucleotides joined together. The DNA molecule is comprised of two strands each wrapped around the other in the form of a double-helix. The bases on each strand are properly aligned in a manner known as complementary-base pairing. As a result, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Each gene is actually composed of DNA specifically designed to carry the task of controlling the genetic traits of our cells. The position a gene occupies on a chromosome in known as a locus. Approximately 30,000 human genes have been identified. DNA duplicates itself prior to cell division. DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). The two separate strands, now separated, act like a template for the formation of daughter strands. Each strand is now exposed to a collection of free nucleotides that will be used to recreate the double helix using base pairing. The enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes the sequential addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA strands. The advent of DNA technology has dramatically altered the approach of forensic scientists toward the individualization of bloodstains and other biological factors as evidence. The high sensitivity of DNA analysis and the subsequent search for DNA evidence has even altered the types of materials collected from crime scenes. Saferstein, 2013) Modern methods of obtaining DNA have made it possible to obtain convictions on blood left at the scene, on semen, or even spittle behind on a postage stamp. â€Å"It is surprising how often DNA is left behind, often when the criminal accidently cuts himself at the scene but also numerous other ways. DNA evidence makes detection of crime more probable† (Porter, 2005). During an investigation, forensic evidence is collected at a crime scene, analyzed in a laboratory and often presented in court. Each crime scene is unique, and each case presents its own challenges. Complex cases may require the collection, examination and analysis of a large amount of evidence. In terms of forensic DNA analysis, there is a variety of possible sources of DNA evidence. The more useful sources include blood, semen, vaginal fluid, nasal secretions and hair with roots. It is theoretically possible to obtain DNA from evidence such as urine, feces and dead skin cells, though this is often classed as a poor source due to the lack of intact cells and high levels of contaminants preventing successful analysis. Prior to analysis, the it will be necessary to extract DNA from the sample. This is generally achieved through the following simplified steps. The sample cells are lysed (broken down) in a buffer solution. Denatured proteins and fats are pelleted through centrifugation. The cleared lysate is then passed through a column, often containing a positively charged medium that binds to the DNA. Contaminating proteins, fats and salts are then removed through several washes. The DNA is recovered in a buffer solution (Rankin, 2005-2013). The use of DNA analysis in forensic science is based on a variety of techniques focusing on polymorphisms. â€Å"Different sequences are studied in different techniques, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, mini satellites (variable number tandem repeats), microsatellites (short tandem repeats) and mitochondrial DNA, each different with regards to length and repetition (Rankin, 2005-2013)†. The latest method of DNA typing, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis has emerged as the most successful and widely used DNA profiling procedure. Generally, â€Å"DNA extraction is the first step in forensic DNA analysis for use in human identification, and is essential to generating STR profiles from forensic biological samples (Lounsbury, Coult, Miranian, Cronk, Haverstick, Kinnon, Saul & Landers, 2012)†. STRs are locations on the chromosome that contain short tandem repeats that repeat themselves within the DNA molecule. They express a high degree of polymorphism, making them of particular use to the forensic scientist. As STR regions are non-coding, there is no selective pressure against the high mutation rate, resulting in high variation between different people (Saferstein, 2013). Though there have been thousands of short tandem repeats found in the human genome, only a small number are utilized in forensic DNA analysis. STR loci are ideal for use in forensic science for a number of reasons. They represent†¦ â€Å"discrete alleles that are distinguishable from one another, they show a great power of discrimination, only a small amount of sample is required due to the short length of STRs, PCR amplification is robust and multiple PCR can be used, and there are low levels of artifact formation during amplification (Rankin, 2005-2013)†. The method of enzyme based produced PCR-ready DNA after only 20 minute incubation and requires no centrifugation or sample transfer steps. Implementation of this method into the workflow for forensic cases could reduce sample and DNA preparation time. The enzyme based method allows easy integration for downstream processes, such as PCR (Lounsbury, Coult, Miranian, Cronk, Haverstick, Kinnon, Saul & Landers, 2012). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for replicating small quantities of DNA or broken pieces of DNA found at a crime scene, outside a living cell. Polymerase chain reaction is the outgrowth of knowledge gained from an understanding of how DNA strands naturally replicate within a cell. For the forensic scientist, PCR offers a distinct advantage in that it can amplify minute quantities of DNA many millions of times (Saferstein, 2013). The PCR cycle consists of three primary steps: denaturation, annealing and extension. â€Å"Denaturation, the sample is heated to 94-95oC for about 30 seconds. This separates the double-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds, allowing primers access. Annealing, the samples is kept at 50-65oC, depending on the primer sequence, to allow hydrogen bonds to form between the primers and the complementary DNA sequence. Extension is also known as the elongation stage. The sample is heated to 72oC for duration depending on the length of the DNA strand to be amplified and the speed of the polymerase enzyme (Taq polymerase) which builds up the strand. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates are added to the 3’ end of the primer (Rankin, 2005-2013)†. Each PCR cycle can take only 5 minutes. This procedure can then be repeated as necessary until the original sequence has been amplified a sufficient amount of time, with the amount being doubled with each cycle. Following PCR, the products are separated using electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is essentially a method of separating molecules by their size through the application of an electric field, causing molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. The gel essentially acts as a type of molecular sieve, allowing smaller molecules to travel faster than larger fragments. Following electrophoresis, it may be necessary to visualize these bands using radioactive or fluorescent probes or dyes (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). Another type of DNA used for individual characterization is mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) is located outside the cell’s nucleus and is inherited from the mother (Saferstein, 2013). Recent developments in forensic mRNA profiling systems have allowed the simultaneous inference of a variety of human cell types from small amounts of samples. In addition to body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, menstrual secretion and vaginal mucosa, the presence of skin cells can also be determined. Since more cell types can be examined, RNA profiling complements the existing detection methods of body fluids which are mainly serology-based and presumptive in nature. In forensic genetic analyses, â€Å"†¦the highest priority often goes to establishing the possible contributor(s) of DNA to an evidentiary trace. As a consequence, RNA profiling is incorporated into a DNA/RNA coassessment strategy that generates both a DNA and an mRNA profile from the same stain (Lindenbergh, Maaskant & Sijen, 2012)†. Mitochondrial DNA is generally used when other methods such as STR analysis have failed. This is often in the case of badly degraded bodies, in cases of disaster or accidents where an individual is too badly damaged to identify. The most significant advantage of the use of mitochondrial DNA is the possibility of analyzing even highly degraded samples. If a specimen is severely decomposed to the point that it is not possible to successfully extract a DNA profile using nuclear DNA, it may be possible through mitochondrial DNA. However the use of mDNA does have its disadvantages. As mitochondrial DNA is only maternally inherited, this cannot form a full DNA fingerprint of the individual, thus this technique is only beneficial if the DNA profiles of maternal relatives are available, such as the individuals mother or biological siblings (National Institute of Justice, 2012). Possibly the most momentous device to arise from DNA typing is the ability to compare DNA types recovered from crime scene evidence to those of convicted sex offenders and other convicted criminals (Lynch, 2013). Numerous countries have produced computerized databases containing DNA profiles to aid in the comparison of DNA fingerprints and the identification of suspects and victims. The first Government DNA database was established in the United Kingdom in April 1995, known as the National DNA Database (NDNAD). As of 2011, there were over 5. million profiles of individuals in the system. Similarly, the FBI in the US formed their own DNA database, the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), in 1994, though it was not implemented in all states until 1998(Saferstein, 2013). Staff members involved in the handling and analysis of evidence will often also submit their DNA profiles to the database in the case of accidental contamination. There is the possibility for DNA databases to be shared be tween countries; however some countries focus on different loci in DNA fingerprinting. Currently, U. S. crime laboratories have standardized on 13 STRs for entry into a national database (CODIS). Currently, DNA evidence is treated as exceptional, but it also is upheld as a model for other forms of forensic evidence to emulate. Many terms, such as investigation, inquiry, argument, evidence, and fact were established in law well before being associated with science. However, while legal proof remained qualified by standards of moral certainty, scientific proof attained a reputation for objectivity (Lynch, 2013). Although most forms of legal evidence, including expert evidence, continue to be treated as fallible opinions rather than objective facts, forensic DNA evidence increasingly is being granted an exceptional factual status. It did not always enjoy such status. Two decades ago, the scientific status of forensic DNA evidence was challenged in the scientific literature and in courts of law, but by the late 1990s it was being granted exceptional legal status. DNA profiling is often treated as an exceptional technique that has navigated the imaginary gulf between forensic and scientific culture, and has become so reliable that it can be used as a benchmark for evaluating all other forensic technologies. The STR system replaced the earlier systems, and automated scanning of samples replaced visual examination of profile results. The use of all these genetic tools allows forensic scientists to with more certainty find and convict criminals.